本文目录一览：
- 1、The European Union
- 2、德国政府体制简介（英文……）
- 3、欧洲的简介英文版
- 4、阿姆斯特丹条约的相关英文内容
- 5、这句话怎么翻译？
- 6、欧盟护照真的可以在其他欧盟国生活不受限制么？
- 7、求一下几个句子的中文翻译 谢谢
- 8、自由流动怎么翻译呀？
- 9、英语面试句子翻译,急!!!!谢谢谢谢!!
- 10、08年世界旅游日口号？
The European Union
The European Union 欧盟
欧洲联盟：
英语：European Union；
法语：Union européenne；
德语：Europ?ische Union），
简称欧盟（EU），总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔（Brussel），是由欧洲共同体发展而来的，创始成员国有6个，分别为法国、德国、意大利、荷兰、比利时和卢森堡。该联盟现拥有28个会员国，正式官方语言有24种。
欧洲联盟是欧洲地区规模较大的区域性经济合作的国际组织。成员国已将部分国家主权交给组织（主要是经济方面，如货币、金融政策、内部市场、外贸），令欧洲联盟越来越像联邦制国家。虽然欧洲联盟还不是真正的国家，欧洲联盟本身也无权行使各成员国的主权，但里斯本条约第一条第八项（款）允许欧洲联盟签订欧洲人权公约成为欧洲委员会的成员国。
宗旨
促进和平，追求公民富裕生活，实现社会经济可持续发展，确保基本价值观，加强国际合作。
地位
欧洲联盟是欧洲地区规模较大的区域性经济合作的国际组织。成员国已将部分国家主权交给组织（主要是经济方面，如货币、金融政策、内部市场、外贸），令欧洲联盟越来越像联邦制国家。虽然欧洲联盟还不是真正的国家，欧洲联盟本身也无权行使各成员国的主权，但里斯本条约第一条第八项（款）允许欧洲联盟签订欧洲人权公约成为欧洲委员会的成员国。
新课标英语必修三课文The European Union
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe.[7] The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC) formed by six countries in 1958. In the intervening years the EU has grown in size by the accession of new member states, and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993.[8] The last amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmentally made decisions negotiated by the member states.[9][10][11] Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens.
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states including the abolition of passport controls within the Schengen area.[12] It ensures the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital,[13] enacts legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintains common policies on trade,[14] agriculture,[15] fisheries and regional development.[16] A monetary union, the eurozone, was established in 1999 and is currently composed of seventeen member states. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy the EU has developed a limited role in external relations and defence. Permanent diplomatic missions have been established around the world and the EU is represented at the United Nations, the WTO, the G8 and the G-20.
With a total population of over 500 million inhabitants,[17] in 2010 the EU generated an estimated 26% (US$16.282 trillion)[18] of the global economy, or 20% (US$15.170 trillion) when adjusted in terms of purchasing power parity.
德国政府体制简介（英文……）
《基本法》第62条规定：“联邦政府(Bundesregierung)由联邦总理和联邦各部部长组成。(Die Bundesregierung besteht aus dem Bundeskanzler und aus den Bundesministern.)”联邦政府设总理和副总理各一人，联邦部长14至20人。联邦总理候选人由联邦总统同联邦议院中各议会党团协商后提出，交联邦议院全会投票表决。凡得法定半数以上票者当选。一般情况下，联邦总统总是推荐联邦议院中实力最强的多数党主席为总理候选人，以便确保他在联邦议院表决时能顺利通过。
新总理第一个任务是组织联邦政府，即内阁，挑选各部部长和政府主要官员，并提出对联邦总统有约束力的任免名单。经联邦总统批准和任命后，内阁全体人员在联邦议院宣誓就职。政府的第一项活动是发布联邦总理的施政纲领。联邦部长的任命和施政纲领不必经联邦议院批准。
联邦政府是联邦德国最高行政机构，它的主要任务是执行联邦议院和联邦参议院通过的各项决议和法令。联邦总理的权力相当广泛，他有对政府主要官员的任免权，还有立法倡议权和立法最后审核权。联邦议院通过的任何决议和法律，以及联邦总统颁布的一切公告和法令，都必须经联邦总理和有关部长的附署方能生效。
1968年6月，联邦议院通过“紧急状态法”，进一步扩大了政府的权限，这项法令规定，在国家处于紧急状态时，联邦政府可以独揽一切大权，可以无需通过议会自行颁布具有法律效力的布告和命令。此外，政府还拥有限制人民自由往来，实行强制性检查及窃听电话和私拆邮件等权力。
联邦总理是联邦德国国家机构中影响最大的实权人物。《基本法》第65条规定；“联邦总理确定政治总纲并对此承担责任。(Der Bundeskanzler bestimmt die Richtlinien der Politik und tr?gt dafür die Verantwortung.)”在联邦德国，不是政府而是联邦总理—人向联邦议院负责，联邦各部部长只对联邦总理负责。因此，也只有联邦总理有权向联邦议院提出对他本人的信任案。如果联邦议院没有通过对他的信任案，联邦总理有权援引《基本法》第68条，要求联邦总统解散对他不利的联邦议院，重新举行大选，以便使新组成的联邦议院有利他的政府。1972年9月22日，联邦总理勃兰特提出的信任案被联邦议院否决。为避免被赶下台，勃兰特要求联邦总统解散第6届联邦议院，提前一年举行第7届联邦议院大选。大选结果使当时联合执政的社会民主党和自由民主党取得了稳定的多数，渡过了政府危机。
鉴于联邦总理拥有的特殊地位，有人把联邦德国的议会民主制称为“总理民主制”。为确保联邦总理的权力和政府的稳定，《基本法》第67条还就联邦总理不信任案作出具体规定。联邦议院有权对联邦总理表示不信任，并把他赶下台。但联邦议院不能以传统的半数以上议员的不信任迫使联邦总理下台，它必须在表示对联邦总理不信任的同时提出一名新的联邦总理候选人。因此，这种不信任案称为“建设性不信任案”(Konstruktives Mi?trauensvotum)。在魏玛共和国时期则不然，当时德国议会中的各反对党联合起来很容易以传统的半数以上票推翻政府，但在组织新政府时党派纷争很难产生一名新总理。这样使国家几周甚至几个月处于无政府无首脑状态。这种不信任案只具有破坏性质。
联邦德国建国以来，联邦议院一共提出过两次“建设性不信任案”。1982年9月，当时联合执政的社会民主党和自由民主党在经济政策等问题上发生严重意见分歧，9月17日，包括副总理兼外长根舍在内的4名自由民主党部长集体辞职。联合政府垮台后，联邦总理施密特拒绝辞职，并试图援引《基本法》第68条，借联邦总统之手解散议会，达到提前举行大选重掌政权的目的。但反对党基督教民主联盟和基督教社会联盟早有另谋，它们与退出政府的自由民主党首脑达成协议，推选基督教民主联盟主席科尔为新总理，并向联邦议院提交“建设性不信任案”。10月1日联邦议院举行投票表决，提案以256票赞成、4票弃权、235票反对获得通过。这是联邦德国建国以来唯一的一次由联邦议院罢免了一位在职总理的职务。
一股情况下，每届联邦政府的任期为4年，它随每届联邦议院的诞生而产生，并在下一届联邦议院召开之时而终止。但在联邦议院任期内，也可以改选总理和改组内阁。如果联邦总理被推翻，原联邦政府各部部长也必须同时下台。由于实行“建设性不信任案”，联邦德国的政府比较稳定。建国50多年来，前后担任过联邦总理职务的仅有7人，现任联邦总理为基督教民主联盟主席默克尔。
"Basic Law" Article 62 provides that: "The federal government (Bundesregierung) by the Federal Chancellor and Federal Ministers of State. (Die Bundesregierung besteht aus dem Bundeskanzler und aus den Bundesministern.)" The federal government set up the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of a person, the Federal Minister 14 to 20 people. Federal candidate for prime minister by the Federal President of the Bundestag with the consultation of each parliamentary group and filed with the Federal Parliament plenary vote. Where votes were more than half of those who elected official. Under normal circumstances, the Federal President of the Bundestag is always recommended in the strongest of the majority party is chaired by the candidate for prime minister in order to ensure that he can vote in the Bundestag passed smoothly.
New Prime Minister, the first task is to organize the federal government, that is, the cabinet, the selection of ministers and senior government officials, and made binding on the Federal President of the appointments and dismissals. The approval and appointment by the Federal President, the Cabinet, all personnel in the federal parliament sworn into office. The Government's first activity is to publish the policy agenda of the Federal Chancellor. Federal Minister of the appointment and the policy agenda without the approval by the Bundestag.
Federal Republic of Germany the federal government is the highest executive body, and its main task is the implementation of the Bundestag and the Federal Senate to pass the resolutions and decrees. A wide range of federal prime minister's powers, he had the appointment and removal of principal officials of government power, as well as the right of legislative initiative and legislative right of final review. Any resolution adopted by the Bundestag and the law and all the bulletins issued by the Federal President and decrees must be approved by the federal Prime Minister and the Minister attached to the Department before taking effect.
In June 1968, the Bundestag passed the "emergency law" to further expand the government's authority, the Act provides that a state of emergency in the country, the federal government can arrogate all power, can be enacted without the need for boards to have legal effect notices and orders. In addition, the Government also has restrictions on free movement of people and implement a mandatory inspection and the interception of telephone and private e-mail and other powers of demolition.
German Federal Chancellor is the most influential national institutions powerful figure. "Basic Law" Article 65 provides; "Federal Chancellor to determine their political master, and to take responsibility. (Der Bundeskanzler bestimmt die Richtlinien der Politik und tr?gt dafür die Verantwortung.)" In the Federal Republic of Germany, not the government but the federal prime minister - to the Federal House is responsible for, the federal ministers responsible only to the Federal Chancellor. Therefore, only the Bundestag, Federal Chancellor is entitled to raise the confidence vote on his own. If the Bundestag does not pass a confidence vote against him, the Federal Prime Minister of the right to invoke "the Basic Law," Article 68 to require the Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag against him re-election in order to benefit the newly formed federal parliament that his government . September 22, 1972, Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt confidence motion was proposed by the Bundestag rejected. In order to avoid being forced to step down, Brandt asked the 6th Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag, held its 7 th year early Bundestag election. The election result, then the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Democrats to achieve a stable majority, through a government crisis.
Given that the Federal Prime Minister has a special status, it was the Federal Republic of Germany's parliamentary democracy known as the "Prime Minister of democratic system." To ensure that the federal prime minister's powers and the government's stability, "the Basic Law," Article 67 of the Federal Prime Minister of no-confidence vote also made specific provisions. Bundestag the right to express no confidence in the Federal Chancellery, and to oust him. However, the Bundestag can not be more than half of the traditional distrust of members to force the federal prime minister to step down, it must be said that the Federal Prime Minister did not trust the same time, to propose a new federal prime minister candidate. Thus, the no-confidence vote as "constructive no-confidence vote" (Konstruktives Mi?trauensvotum). Is not the case during the Weimar Republic, when the German Parliament in the opposition parties together easily more than half of the traditional ticket to overthrow the government, but in forming a new government in partisan strife rather difficult to have a new prime minister. This will enable the country a few weeks or even months at a non-government non-heads of state. This no-confidence vote is only destructive in nature.
Federal Republic of Germany since the founding of the Federal Parliament raised a total of two "constructive no-confidence motion." In September 1982, when the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Democratic Party on issues such as economic policy, serious differences of opinion, September 17, including the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Genscher, the Liberal Democratic Party, including four ministers to resign. After the collapse of the coalition government, the Federal Chancellor Schmidt refused to resign and tried to invoke the "Basic Law" Article 68, by the hands of the Federal President to dissolve parliament and hold early elections to regain power purposes. But the opposition Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union has long been to find another, they withdraw from the government of the Liberal Democratic Party leaders to reach an agreement, elected President of Kohl's Christian Democratic Union, the new prime minister, presented to the Bundestag "constructive no-confidence motion." October 1 the Bundestag, held a vote, the proposal by 256 votes in favor and four abstentions, 235 votes against it, was adopted. This is the Federal Republic of Germany and only time since the founding of the Federal Parliament by a serving prime minister removed from office.
Yi Gu cases, each for a term of four years, the federal government, which the Bundestag with the birth of each generation and the next meeting of the Bundestag from time to time to terminate. However, in the Bundestag term, you can also elect the Prime Minister and cabinet reshuffle. If the Federal Prime Minister was overthrown, former federal ministers must also step down. As a result of "constructive no-confidence vote," Federal Republic of Germany the government more stable. The past 50 years, served as the federal prime minister before and after the only 7, the current Federal Chancellor Merkel, President of the Christian Democratic Union.
欧洲的简介英文版
Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth. The westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, it is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southeast by the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. To the east, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and by the Caspian Sea.[1]
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface. It hosts a large number of sovereign states (ca. 50), whose precise amount depends on the underlying definition of Europe's border, as well as on the in- or exclusion of semi-recognized states. Of all European countries, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while the Vatican is the smallest. Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa with a population of 710,000,000 or about 11% of the world's population. However, Europe's borders and population are in dispute, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one.
Europe is the birthplace of Western culture. European nations played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonization. By the 17th and 18th centuries European nations controlled most of Africa, the Americas, and large portions of Asia. World War I and World War II led to a decline in European dominance in world affairs as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence. The Cold War between those two superpowers divided Europe along the Iron Curtain. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
欧洲的简介如下：
欧洲，也称作“欧罗巴洲”（Europe），名字源于希腊神话的人物“欧罗巴”（希腊语：Ευρ?πη?），欧洲位于东半球的西北部，北临北冰洋，西濒大西洋，南滨大西洋的属海地中海和黑海。大陆东至极地乌拉尔山脉（66°10′E，67°46′N），南至马罗基角（西经5度36分，北纬36度) ，西至罗卡角（9°31′W，38°47′N），北至诺尔辰角（27°42′E，71°08′N）。[1]
欧洲的面积是世界第六，人口密度70人\km2，是世界人口第三的洲，仅次于亚洲和非洲，99%以上人口属欧罗巴人种，是人种比较单一的大洲。欧洲是人类生活水平较高、环境以及人类发展指数较高及适宜居住的大洲之一。[1]
欧洲东以乌拉尔山脉、乌拉尔河，东南以里海、大高加索山脉和黑海与亚洲为界，西隔大西洋、格陵兰海、丹麦海峡与北美洲相望，北接北极海，南隔地中海与非洲相望（分界线为：直布罗陀海峡）。
欧洲最北端是挪威的诺尔辰角，最南端是西班牙的马罗基角，最西端是葡萄牙的罗卡角。欧洲是世界上第二小的洲、大陆，仅比大洋洲大一些，其与亚洲合称为亚欧大陆，而与亚洲、非洲合称为亚欧非大陆。
因为文化、经济、政治等原因，欧洲的边界总是不一样的，所以就有了多个‘欧洲’的概念。[
笨笨 6级 2009-04-28 Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents.
Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast. Europe is washed upon to the north by the Arctic Ocean and other bodies of water, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the southeast by the Black Sea and the waterways connecting it to the Mediterranean. Yet, the borders for Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one. This article is primarily about the first two aspects, although it references Europe's geography.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 731 million or about 11% of the world's population; however, according to the United Nations (medium estimate), Europe's share may fall to about 7% in 2050.补充：Modern Western Europe is the birthplace of Western culture. European (particularly Western European) nations played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 17th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Australasia and large portions of Asia. Demographic changes and the two World Wars led to a decline in European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence. During the Cold War Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.补充：The use of the term "Europe" has developed gradually throughout history.In antiquity, the Greeks divided the world into three continents, Europe, Asia and Libya (Africa), with the River Nile and the complex system of waterways between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Azov providing the boundaries.Flavius Josephus and the Book of Jubilees described the continents as the lands given by Noah to his three sons; Europe was defined as between the Pillars of Hercules at Cadiz, separating it from Africa, and the River Don, separating it from Asia. This division – as much cultural as geographical – was used until the Late Middle Ages, when it was challenged by the Age of Discovery. The problem of redefining Europe was finally resolved in 1730 when, instead of waterways, the Swedish geographer and cartographer von Strahlenberg proposed the Ural Mountains as the most significant eastern boundary, a suggestion that found favour in Russia and throughout Europe.补充：太多了，翻译不了。我尽量吧 。
欧洲，全称欧罗巴洲（希腊文：Ευρ?πη），字源于希腊神话的“欧罗巴”，是世界第六大洲，面积10,180,000平方千米（3,931,000平方英里），人口7亿1千2百万（2008年），是世界人口第三多的洲，仅次于亚洲和非洲，人口密度平均每平方公里70人，共有48个已独立国家，欧洲东以乌拉山脉、乌拉河，东南以里海、高加索山脉和黑海与亚洲为界，西、西北隔大西洋、格陵兰海、丹麦海峡与北美洲相望，北接北极海，南隔地中海与非洲相望。欧洲最北端是挪威的北角，最南端是西班牙的马罗基角，欧洲是世界上第二小的洲、大陆，仅比大洋洲大一些，其与亚洲合称为欧亚大陆，而与亚洲、非洲合称为欧亚非大陆。
欧洲名字的来历可能是来自希腊神话中的一个叫做欧罗巴的女子，她受到变成公牛的宙斯的引诱. 一个更学术性的说法是：这个词可能来源于闪族语(ereb)，表示“日落之地”.
通常，根据政治、经济、文化或实际考虑，欧洲的边界线并不总是一样的。这就使得人们产生了几个不同“欧洲”的观念。
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast.[1] Europe is washed upon to the north by the Arctic Ocean and other bodies of water, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the southeast by the Black Sea and the waterways connecting it to the Mediterranean. Yet, the borders for Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 731 million or about 11% of the world's population; however, according to the United Nations (medium estimate)
Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is often considered to be the birthplace of Western culture.[3] It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 17th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Australasia and large portions of Asia. Both World Wars were ignited in Central Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence. During the Cold War Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East.
Europe —a concept dating back to classical antiquity— is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area). Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 740 million (about 11% of world population) as of 2015. The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast.
Europe —a concept dating back to classical antiquity— is a continent that comprises the western most part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The eastern boundary with Asia is an arbitrary historical and social construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The primarily physiographic term "continent" asapplied to Europe also incorporates culturaland political elements whose discontinuities and lines of demarcation arenot reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries with Asia. Europe is considered by historical convention as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River,the Caspianand BlackSeas, and the waterways of the TurkishStraits.
Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface(6.8% of land area). Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and mostpopulous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 740 million(about 11% of world population) as of 2015[update]. The Europeanclimate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper wintersand summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climatein Asia and North America is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differencesare more noticeable than close to the coast.
Europe, in particular ancientGreece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the migrationperiod, marked the end of ancienthistory and the beginning of an era known as the MiddleAges. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art,and science led to the modern era.From the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played apredominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries,European powers controlled at various times the Americas, mostof Africa, Oceania, and themajority of Asia.
The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18thcentury, gave rise to radical economic, cultural, and social change in WesternEurope, and eventually the wider world. Both world warstook place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in WesternEuropean dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the SovietUnion and the United States took prominence. During the Cold War,Europe was divided along the IronCurtain between NATOin the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall.
In 1955, the Councilof Europe was formed following a speech by Sir WinstonChurchill, with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals. Itincludes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and VaticanCity. Further European integration by some states led to theformation of the European Union, a separate political entity thatlies between a confederation and a federation.The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the mostcommonly used among Europeans; and the EU's SchengenArea abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its memberstates. The European Anthem is "Ode to Joy" andstates celebrate peace and unity on Europe Day.
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2 (1,728,099 sq mi), and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single marketthrough a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade,
agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957Treaty of Rome. The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities, were the Inner Six; Belgium, France,Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. Over the following decades many new members joined them while at the same time integration of economic, cultural, judicial and so forth would then deepen the relationships distinct European entity. The Communities and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the United Kingdom enacted the result of a membership referendum in June 2016 and is currently negotiating its withdrawal. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
The European Union accumulated a higher portion of GDP as a form of foreign aid than any other economic union. Covering 7.3% of the world population, the EU in 2016 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of 16.477 trillion US dollars, constituting approximately 22.2% of global nominal GDP and 16.9% when measured in terms of purchasing power parity. Additionally, 27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relationsand defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missionsthroughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, and the G20. Because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as anemerging superpower.
阿姆斯特丹条约的相关英文内容
The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union, which had been signed at Maastricht in 1992.The Amsterdam Treaty meant a greater emphasis on citizenship and the rights of individuals, more democracy in the shape of increased powers for the European Parliament, a new title on employment, a Community area of freedom, security and justice, the beginnings of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the reform of the institutions in the run-up to enlargement.ContentsAmsterdam comprises 13 Protocols, 51 Declarations adopted by the Conference and 8 Declarations by Member States plus amendments to the existing Treaties set out in 15 Articles. Article 1 (containing 16 paragraphs) amends the general provisions of the Treaty on European Union and covers the CFSP and cooperation in criminal and police matters. The next four Articles (70 paragraphs) amend the EC Treaty, the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty (which expired in 2002), the Euratom Treaty and the Act concerning the election of the European Parliament. The final provisions contain four Articles. The new Treaty also set out to simplify the Community Treaties, deleting more than 56 obsolete articles and renumbering the rest in order to make the whole more legible. By way of example, Article 189b on the codecision procedure became Article 251.Main amendmentsFour key chapters were affected: citizenship and fundamental rights, the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice, the CFSP and the reform of the institutions.The Treaty opened the way for dialogue between the EU and its citizens by safeguarding fundamental rights (for the first time Member States failing to respect such rights may face penalties), tackling discrimination of all kinds, providing for equal opportunities for men and women, focusing on social issues and assets such as voluntary work, sport, public-service television broadcasting, disability, churches and non-confessional organisations, public credit institutions operating in certain countries and a rejection of the death penalty. But the Treaty also dealt with the major issues facing our society such as employment, the environment, public health and open government.The most pressing concerns of ordinary Europeans, such as their legal and personal security, immigration and fraud prevention, were all dealt with in other chapters of the Treaty. In particular, the EU will now be able to legislate on immigration, civil law or civil procedure, insofar as this is necessary for the free movement of persons within the EU. At the same time, intergovernmental cooperation was intensified in the police and criminal justice field so that Member States will be able to coordinate their activities more effectively. The Union aims to establish an area of freedom, security and justice for its citizens. The Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the legal system of the EU. (Ireland and the UK remained outside the Schengen agreement, see Common Travel Area for details)The Treaty lays down new principles and responsibilities in the field of the common foreign and security policy, with the emphasis on projecting the EU's values to the outside world, protecting its interests and reforming its modes of action. The European Council will lay down common strategies, which will then be put into effect by the Council acting by a qualified majority, subject to certain conditions. In other cases, some States may choose to abstain constructively, i.e. without actually preventing decisions being taken.The treaty introduced a High Representative for EU Foreign Policy who, together with the Presidents of the Council and the European Commission, puts a name and a face on EU policy in the outside world. Although the Amsterdam Treaty did not provide for a common defence, it did increase the EU's responsibilities for peacekeeping and humanitarian work, in particular by forging closer links with Western European Union.As for the institutions, there were two major reforms concerning the codecision procedure (the legislative procedure involving the European Parliament and the Council), affecting its scope - most legislation was adopted by the codecision procedure - and its detailed procedures, with Parliament playing a much stronger role. The President of the Commission will also have to earn the personal trust of Parliament, which will give him the authority to lay down the Commission's policy guidelines and play an active part in choosing the Members of the Commission by deciding on their appointment by common accord with the national governments. These provisions make the Commission more politically accountable, particularly vis-à-vis the European Parliament. Finally, the new Treaty opens the door, under very strict conditions, to closer cooperation between Member States which so wish. Closer cooperation may be established, on a proposal from the Commission, in cases where it is not possible to take joint action, provided that such steps do not undermine the coherence of the EU or the rights and equality of its citizens.
这句话怎么翻译？
40年后的1993，欧洲市场通过全面放开人口、商品、服务以及资金在整个欧洲范围内的流通，开始充分实现其作为一个整体市场的作用
40年以后，1993年，欧洲的单一市场有了重要的影响地位，允许欧盟范围内人民、商品、服务、和资金的自由流通。
四十年后的1993年，欧洲的单一市场（政策）的影响（效果）完全展示出来，即在欧盟范围内所有的人员，商品，服务和资金自由流通。
欧盟护照真的可以在其他欧盟国生活不受限制么？
可以，欧盟护照在欧盟的所有成员国都可以得到认可，有欧盟护照就可以在所有欧盟国家生活
可以吧，也不是说不受限制，但限制很少，基本工作上学居住什么的是不会受限制的，当然也和本国公民待遇有些区别，比如税收还是要交给本国的了，否则也不会有法国明星换国籍的事情了。
欧盟护照真的可以在欧盟享受生活不受限制，但是你也要有这样的经济能力才可以。
欧盟是一个共同体，一荣俱荣，一损俱损，护照确定可以通用
理论上是这样的，但是还是会有一些限制的，毕竟每一个国家的法律法规，风俗习惯，生活方式都是不一样的。
大家口中的欧盟护照其实严格意义来说指的是欧盟公民的身份，根据根据《欧盟自由平等迁徙法案》，“欧盟任意成员国的公民（欧盟公民）可以在包括欧盟26个成员国家自由的迁徙，定居，获得接受教育以及工作的权利并且享受当地福利”
简单的可以理解为，如果您有欧盟任意一国公民的身份，就相当于同时拥有了其他欧盟国家的永久居住权，居住三个月以上只需去警察局或者人口管理局做报备即可，工作等其他需求没有任何限制。
欧盟公民身份在其他欧盟国还可以享受到以下政策：
欧盟公民可以在其他欧盟国家找工作；不需要另申请工作许可；在当地国家合法居住；
133 /作为欧盟公民，您的孩子可以在任何一个欧盟国家的学校上学，享有与该国公民一样的入学条件，包括小学、中学以及大学；
5242/作为欧盟公民，您将会获得一张欧洲医保卡。持欧洲医保卡，如果您在任一成员国临时逗留期间需要得到医疗救治，无论您是在度假、出差还是学习期间，您不必回国就可以获得和当地投保公民同等待遇的医疗关怀；
9909/作为欧盟公民，您在任何欧盟成员国购买产品或服务时，所需支付的费用与当地公民完全一致。
想知道当下最快成本最低的欧盟公民身份是哪国么?后三段开头连起
hello_union 望采纳
求一下几个句子的中文翻译 谢谢
1.社会福利支出增长4.5个百分点，反射出社会老龄化和低人口出生率的问题。
2.为了提高国企的国际竞争力，政府考虑每年投资将近100万美金来帮助私营部门新研发的产品发展。
3.因为出售假冒伪劣产品的奸商在迅速出售他们的伪劣产品后，瞬间消失，消费者没有机会对他们提起诉讼。
4只有在人口、商品、资金自由流动的情况下，.市场经济才有可能取得发展。
5.隐私权被侵犯的争论焦点众说纷纭，包括散布个人秘密、背景、情感，以及未经本人许可就擅自刊登的照片。
6.上周一，搜狐网站股价飙升7.96%的新闻给爆出后,这将为其网站增加高达30%的广告费用。
1。一个社会福利支出增加4.5%,反映了成本参与社会老龄化和出生率下降。
2。提振国内企业的国际竞争力,政府正在考虑投资约1000万美元每年帮助基金开发新的私人部门的产品。
3。因为卖家假冒产品往往在一夜之间消失后迅速出售他们的假冒伪劣商品,它是不可能对他们提起诉讼。
4。市场经济的发展是有可能只有当有一个人口自由流动,商品和资本。
5。这个争论的焦点在违反隐私权利被多样化的,从个人分泌的出版,个人背景和谈情说爱,出版的的未经许可的照片。
6。为网站门户搜狐股价飙升7.96%上周一爆出新闻后,它将增加其网站的广告费用高达30%。
自由流动怎么翻译呀？
fluxion freely
flow freely
free mobility
自由流动
flow freely, as of air or liquids.
像空气或液体一样自由流动。
Free movement of workers within the European Community
在欧洲共同体内部工人的自由流动
Residual pressure opposing the free flow of a gas or liquid, as in a pipe or an exhaust system.
余压阻止气体或液体自由流动的剩余压力，如在管道或废气排放系统中
Besides, the forms of international capital free flow have undergone tremendous changes, yet the areas where transnational merger and acquisition take place can not be opened up in China because of the lack of necessary conditions.
同时，国际资本自由流动的形式发生了重大变化，跨国并购所发生的领域在我国尚不具备对外开放条件；
With regard to the labor market, rural surplus laborers are allowed to enter some trades in the cities, more and more urban employees are able to transfer to other jobs freely, and various kinds of job centers have emerged accordingly.
在劳务市场方面，准许农村剩余劳动力走进城市的部分行业，越来越多的城镇职工能够自由流动，各种人才交流中心应运而生。
英语面试句子翻译,急!!!!谢谢谢谢!!
你的澳洲算是白去了！！
1. I am in a time of high has been involved in the Australian exchange student projects, in Australia spent about a week, live in local families, the beginning is not very familiar with, then there will soon integrate into the life of a good relationship with their families before its own production of a gift to dad and mom, I would like to, so that the experience I had benefited a lot, but also enrich their experience, an increase of knowledge
2. Now, I studied at a boarding school, 56 individuals in each dormitory, resident of these days, my self-care ability has been greatly improved, which is also for the future independence has laid a good foundation
3. I like freedom, like the feeling of freedom, and now when the student days, so I would like to participate in such projects to exercise its own
4. The United States has been my desire, which I would like this to make your life changes, so try not the same as their own life
5. I would like to finish after three applications for the American University in the United States to complete their studies
6. I like the mountain, like swimming, I think cycling is a movement of people is very relaxed, very free, swimming in the water is also a great feeling!
1When I was in Australia have participated in exchange program, in Australia for a week or so, live in the local family, a start not familiar with, then quickly into the life, and family relationships are good, when wanting to make a gift for my mom and dad, I want to, this experience make me benefit a lot, and enrich their experiences, grew experience
2 Now I attend a boarding school, each dormitory campus, the six people these days, I ability has been improved a lot, it is also a very good future independence
4 The U.S. has been my adream place, I want to make his life by this change, let oneself try different life
3 I like the freedom, like unrestrained sense, it's a student, so I want to participate in this project to exercise more
5I want to read in American university, after three application in the school
6I like mountain, like swimming, I think riding is a very relaxing exercise, it is free, the feeling is swimming in the water!
累死哥哥我了！怎么感谢我啊？？
I was an exchange student to Australia when i was studying Year 11 at high school. I spent approximate(about)one week in Australia. At the beginning, i was a little bit unfamiliar with the local family whom i spent with in that week. However,later on, that family and I had a really good relationship. In the farewell party(这样说会比较好)i gave them a present which was made by myself. Not only have I learnt a lot from this experience, but i feel it has also enriched my life-experience and my understanding of things.
2, I am now studying at a boarding school. There are five or six people in every dormitory. During that time, i feel i became more self-independent which, i think, will be helpful for me in the future.
3,i love freedom, less discipline. As it is a best time for studying now, i want to participate in many different activities which can improve my skills in every area
4.America is always the place i feel fasinating about. I want to vary my life a little bit and try some different ways of living
5, I want to apply for American Uni after i graduate from my high shcool and continue my studying in America
6, I like cycling, swimming. I feel cycling is a good sport for relaxing. It makes youfeel really free...so does swimming in the
water.
希望满意咯~~
08年世界旅游日口号？
08年世界旅游日口号：“旅游：应对气候变化挑战”。
1980年：旅游业的贡献：文化遗产的保护与不同文化之间的相互理解。(Tourism'scontributiontothe
preservationofculturalheritageandtopeaceandmutualunderstanding.)
1981年：旅游业与生活质量。(Tourismandthequalityoflife.)
1982年：旅游业的骄傲：好的客人与好的主人。(Prideintravel:goodguestsandgoodhosts.)
1983年：旅游和假日对每个人来说既是权利也是责任。(Travel
andholidaysarearightbutalsoaresponsibilityforall.)
1984年：为了国际间的理解、和平与合作的旅游。(Tourismforinternationalunderstanding,peace
andcooperation.)
1985年：年轻的旅游业：为了和平与友谊的文化和历史遗产。(Youthtourism:culturalandhistorical
heritageforpeaceandfriendship.)
1986年：旅游：世界和平的重要力量。(Tourism:avitalforceforworldpeace.)
1987年：旅游与发展。(Tourismfordevelopment.)
1988年：旅游"class=innerlink>教育。(Tourism:educationforall.)
1989年：施行者的自由活动创造了一个共融的世界。(Thefreemovementoftouristscreatesoneworld.)
1990—1999年
1990年：旅游：一个还未被完全认识的产业，是一个有待开发的服务。(Tourism:anunrecognizedindustry,aservicetobereleased("thehaguedeclarationontourism").)
1991年：交流、信息与教育：旅游业发展的生命线。(Communication,informationandeducation:powerlinesoftourismdevelopment.)
1992年：旅游：社会经济的稳定和人民之间的交流的重要因素。(Tourism:afactorofgrowingsocialand
economicsolidarityandofencounterbetweenpeople.)
1993年：旅游业发展和环境保护：营造持续的和谐与发展。(Tourismdevelopmentandenvironmental
protection:towardsalastingharmony。
1994年：Qualitystaff,qualitytourism.)
1995年：WTO:为世界旅游业提供了20年的服务。(WTO:servingworldtourismfortwentyyears).
1996年：旅游业：宽容与和平的因素(Tourism:afactoroftoleranceandpeace).
1997年：旅游业：21世纪提供就业机会和倡导环境保护的先导产业。(Tourism:aleadingactivityofthe
twenty-firstcenturyforjobcreationandenvironmentalprotection).
1998年：政府与企业的伙伴关系：旅游的开发和促销的关键。(Public-privatesectorpartnership:thekeytotourismdevelopmentandpromotion).
1999年：旅旅游：为新千年保护世界遗产。(Tourism:preservingworldheritageforthenew
millennium).
2000—2009年
2000年：技术和自然：21世纪旅游业的双重挑战。(Technologyandnature:twochallengesfortourism
atthestartofthe21stcentury).
2001年：旅游业：和平和不同文明之间对话服务的工具。(Tourism:instrumentattheserviceofpeaceand
dialoguebetweencivilizations).
2002年：经济旅游：可持续发展的关键。(Ecotourism,thekeytosustainabledevelopment)。
2003年：旅游：消除贫困、创造就业和社会和谐的推动力。(Tourism:adrivingforceforpoverty
alleviation,jobcreationandsocialharmony.)
2004年：旅游拉动就业。
2005年：旅游与交通——从儒勒*凡尔纳的幻想到21世纪的现实。
2006年：旅游让世界受益（TourismEnriches）
2007年：旅游为妇女敞开大门（Tourismopensdoorsforwomen）
2008年：“旅游：应对气候变化挑战”
2009年：“庆祝多样性”
2010年：“旅游与生物多样性”
2011年：旅游——连接不同文化的纽带
